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世俗心理治疗对LGBTQ 、性行为、其他道德问题的态度

张逸萍

 

如果你想学煮一碗广东云吞面,大概不会找一个四川酸辣面师傅,因为口味可能大有不同。是吗?同样的,如果你需要在思想、行为、情绪上得到指导,你是否会物色一位道德价值观和你相同的辅导员呢?至少是一个你能相信他的观点的人。对吗?

所以,在你考虑物色辅导员之前,第一件事,就是要考虑﹕世俗心理治疗的道德价值观适合作为一个基督徒的你吗?

我曾经在自己的网站上讨论过这个问题﹕「心理学家的上帝观、道德观、冥想观、性爱婚姻观」和「心理学和性革命」。为了进一步研究这个问题,我在7/9/26 ,询问了Google的AI摘要( AI Overview ChatGPT的研究(前者有注脚)。所得结果如下﹕

 

(一)心理治疗师对LGBTQ的态度

我首先询问了它们对LGBTQ lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning, intersex, asexual ,即“女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋、跨性别、酷儿或性取向待定者、双性恋人、无性恋者”)的态度。事实上,“台湾辅导与咨商学会”在网上已经标明他们的责任之一是,「加强本会对多元性别及性倾向认同者……人权之尊重。 」[1]

 

A ﹕ Google AI  摘要回答﹕

现代心理治疗师普遍对LGBTQ+族群持正面肯定的态度,但他们的临床准备和专业知识仍有显著不足。尽管美国心理学会( American Psychological Association (APA) )等主要专业组织明确反对将性少众病理化,但这种支持的实际落实情况会因培训、地域和潜在偏见而有所不同。[2]

大规模系统性回顾表明,绝大多数心理健康从业者明确认可,支持LGBTQ+ 的权利。[3]现代心理学的主流框架是LGBTQ+ 肯定疗法。这种方法积极肯定少数群体的身份,而不是仅仅容忍或忽视它们。[4] 20 世纪70 年代,重要的心理学协会瓦解了历史上将同性恋视为一种疾病。现代理论认同“少数群体压力理论”——而不是身分本身——才是LGBTQ+ 群体焦虑和忧郁加剧的根本原因。[5]

 

B CHATGPT 回答﹕

心理治疗师对LGBTQ+人群的态度,在过去数十年间有很大的转变。今天,大多数主流心理治疗专业组织认为, LGBTQ+身份是人类性取向与性别表达的正常差异,而不是心理疾病。主流心理健康专业组织(如American Psychological Association American Psychiatric Association National Association of Social Workers American Counseling Association )的共识: LGBTQ+身份不应被视为需要「治疗」或「改变」的障碍。 治疗师应提供尊重、不歧视的心理服务。 治疗师应协助来访者按照自己的价值观和身份生活,而不是强迫他们符合社会传统期待。不过,不同治疗师之间仍存在不同看法,尤其是在某些宗教背景或保守信仰传统中的治疗师。

ChatGPT另报导了基督教辅导( Christian Counseling )界对LGBTQ+的看法。一些基督教辅导者:完全认同同性关系及跨性别身份; 认为LGBTQ+ 身份可以与基督信仰相容。 另一些基督教辅导者:例如: Association of Certified Biblical Counselors ( ACBC )以及Christian Counseling & Educational Foundation ( CCEF )通常强调:人的核心身份应建立在基督里,而不是建立在性取向或性别身份上;以怜悯和尊重陪伴人; 同时维持传统基督教对性伦理的理解。

注﹕〔1963年,美国精神病学协会( American Psychiatric Association ,简称APA )以同性恋为疾病。 1971年,投票决定以同性恋为正常。 1994年,APA甚至宣布,他们不赞成改变同性恋者的生活方式。

 

 

(二)心理治疗师对婚前婚外性行为和同居的态度

一般基督徒大概对LGBTQ的意见是站在圣经一边,没有太多让步和相量的余地。但是婚前和婚外性行为,同居呢?恐怕一些基督徒在这类行为比较宽松。所以我又请教了GoogleChatGPT

 

A Google AI  摘要回答﹕

现代心理治疗师通常对婚前性行为和同居持较为宽容和认可的态度,将其视为正常的成长阶段。然而,他们对婚外性行为(不忠)的态度仍以限制和谨慎为主,主要关注信任破裂、创伤和欺骗等临床风险。[6]现代治疗界不采用僵化的道德准则,而是透过知情同意、关系稳定性和心理困扰等框架来评估这些行为。[7]

1)婚前性行为

临床医师将婚前性行为视为人类发展的一个标准要素,而不是行为问题。治疗师对婚前性行为的主要关注点不是行为本身,而是性健康、情绪安全、个人界线以及与客户内在价值观的一致性。[8]限制性态度通常只出现在高度专业化的宗教或信仰咨商机构中,在这些机构中,实务工作者在特定的神学架构下运作。[9]

2)同居

治疗师普遍接受同居作为实用、健康的伴侣测试彼此是否合适的方法,然后再做出长期承诺或结婚。[10]治疗师会关注那些仅仅出于经济或生活方便而「顺其自然」地住在一起的伴侣,以及那些明确、有意地「决定」同居的伴侣,因为后者与更高的长期关系满意度密切相关。治疗师很少从道德角度劝阻同居,而是专注于帮助伴侣解决沟通、家务分工和财务界线等问题。[11]

 3)婚外性行为(不忠)

婚外性行为由于可能扰乱心理健康,因此在临床上受到高度谨慎对待。 [12] 治疗师将未经同意的婚外性行为(出轨)视为对伴侣关系依附安全感的深刻破坏。婚外情的发现往往会在被背叛的一方引发类似创伤后压力症候群(PTSD)的症状,治疗师必须对其进行系统性的治疗。[13]

即使面对婚外性行为的欺骗,伦理准则也要求治疗师避免羞辱不忠的来访者。相反,婚姻和家庭治疗师会专注于系统性原因——例如情感忽视、沟通不良或冲动控制问题——以帮助夫妻安全地和解或彻底分手。[14]

至于双方同意的非一夫一妻制/多伴侣关系:现代治疗师越来越多地接受培训,以肯定多伴侣关系或开放式婚姻结构,前提是所有参与者都明确同意这种安排,并建立了清晰、透明的界限。 [15]


B CHATGPT 回答﹕

过去数十年的研究显示,北美和西欧大多数持牌心理治疗师对成年人自愿的性行为采取不加批判、以案主为中心( client-centered )的态度,包括婚外情、同居及婚前性行为。然而,他们的观点仍会因理论取向、个人价值观、宗教信仰及专业伦理而有所不同。

1)婚外性行为

大多数心理治疗师不会把通奸本身视为精神疾病,也不认为它本质上属于心理病态。相反,他们通常会探讨以下问题:婚外情为何会发生?婚姻中有哪些未被满足的需要或关系因素?当事人现在希望怎样做?如何把对自己及他人的伤害减至最低?

2同居

大多数心理治疗师把同居视为一种正常的亲密关系选择,而不是心理问题。

3)婚前性行为

在世俗心理治疗领域,大多数心理治疗师普遍认为,成年人之间在双方自愿下发生婚前性行为,是成人发展中的正常现象,而非心理异常。

 

(三)心理治疗师对说谎的态度

我们不能要求世俗心理治疗员的道德价值观点和圣经完全吻合,也相信他们绝不会赞成他们的当事人进行违反当地法律的事情,例如谋杀、抢劫、暴力、贩毒等。但是,那些一般人都认为虽不犯法,但仍是不道德的事情,心理治疗怎么看呢?现在以撒谎为例,让我们的AI工具去研究。

 

A Google AI  摘要回答﹕

现代心理治疗师并不将说谎视为道德缺陷,而是将其视为具有不同法律、伦理和临床规范的复杂行为标志。治疗师对说谎持不批判的态度,以理解其潜在的心理功能。[16]治疗师区分正常的社交谎言、适应性谎言(例如,为了保护自己免受虐待而撒谎)和病态谎言。后者被视为潜在疾病(例如边缘型人格障碍、反社会型人格障碍或自恋型人格障碍)的潜在症状。[17]

说谎是一个需要了解的临床症状。治疗师不会监督患者是否说真话;相反,他们会将欺骗行为视为临床数据的一部分。[18] 临床医师会探究患者说谎的原因。说谎通常被认为是一种适应不良的应对机制,其驱动因素包括害怕被拒绝、羞耻感、创伤或自我保护的需要。[19]

 

B CHATGPT 回答﹕

世俗心理治疗通常不会先从道德角度判定说谎本身就是错误或罪恶。相反,治疗师通常会问:为什么这个人要说谎?这个谎言对他有什么作用?它满足了什么情感需要?说谎如何影响他的心理健康和人际关系?说谎常被视为一种适应( Coping )策略。因此,心理治疗的重点通常是理解,而不是定罪。

总体而言,大多数心理治疗师并不赞成说谎,但他们通常将说谎视为一种需要理解和改变的行为,而不是本质上具有道德罪责的行为。他们更关心的是当事人为什么会说谎,以及如何帮助他建立更健康、更真诚的生活方式。

相比之下,圣经辅导( Biblical Counseling )则认为,说谎既是道德问题,也是属灵问题。圣经辅导同样会探讨说谎背后的动机,但最终会把问题放在圣经的框架下,强调罪、悔改、赦免,以及因基督而来的生命更新。

 

(四)心理治疗师对道德的一般态度

最后,我让这些AI 工具总论一下世俗心理治疗对道德的一般观点。

 

A Google AI  摘要回答﹕

心理治疗师通常将道德评论与临床治疗分开,并保持不批判的立场,优先考虑来访者的自主性。佛洛伊德(Freud)认为,过度活跃的超我所驱动的严苛道德说教会,导致心理痛苦,因此现代心理治疗强调减轻有害的道德压力。[20]

大多数主流心理治疗师都秉持着一个「无批判」的信念。就是说,他们避免对客户做出道德评判。[21]治疗师的目标是帮助客户发现和澄清自己的内在价值观,而不是将外在道德标准强加给他们。[22] 从业者普遍认为,过度、僵化的道德压力会对心理造成损害,并加剧忧郁和焦虑等问题。 [23] 保持中立立场可确保安全的环境,让客户感到足够安全,可以揭露弱点而不用担心被拒绝。 [24]

 

B CHATGPT 回答﹕

有关心理治疗师对道德的一般态度,北美、欧洲和澳洲的研究显示出相当一致的趋势。虽然每位治疗师的观点都可能不同,但现代主流心理治疗已逐渐不再把治疗师视为道德权威。相反,治疗师通常被鼓励协助当事人厘清并实践他们自己的价值观,前提是这些价值观不会对自己或他人造成严重伤害。治疗师一般采取“价值中立” ( Value-Neutral )的立场,强调不带批判的接纳”( nonjudgmental acceptance ,而不是告诉当事人什么是道德上的对或错。

整体而言,现代主流心理治疗师对道德的态度:道德价值应由当事人自己决定,而不是由治疗师决定;心理治疗的目标是促进个人成长与心理健康,而不是提供一套普世性的道德规范;当行为涉及重大伤害、虐待或剥削时,治疗师通常会明确介入并提出挑战。

ChatGPT也报导基督教辅导与圣经辅导则不同,它们通常认为道德的最终权威来自圣经,而非当事人自行建构的价值观。基督教辅导通常会把圣经的道德教导整合到治疗中。圣经辅导明确以圣经作为道德的客观标准。

 

研究后的感触

搜集了这些资料之后,我有一点感触。

首先,崇尚心理学的基督徒从前很喜欢说,心理学是上帝的“普通启示”,后来他们明白“普通启示”不是这个意思(请参考﹕「心理学绝对不是上帝的普通启示」),于是他们又改口说,心理学是上帝的“普通恩典”。但是神赐下的“普通恩典”是支持LGBTQ和婚前婚外性行为的吗?是道德中立,持无批判态度的吗?

其次,如果世俗心理治疗是道德中立,不批判的,只支持当事人的价值观;另一方面,即使ChatGPT也指出,窄义的圣经辅导,会遵循圣经原则来辅导。难怪有误会圣经辅导的话,如“什么都是罪”或者“伤害案主”。谁喜欢别人指出自己的错处?

那么让我们回到文首的问题﹕如果你需要在思想、行为、情绪上得到指导,你是否会物色一位道德价值观和你相同的辅导员呢?也许更应该问,你是否会物色一位道德价值观和上帝相同的辅导员呢?

「凡听见我这话就去行的,好比一个聪明人,把房子盖在磐石上。雨淋,水冲,风吹,撞着那房子,房子总不倒塌。因为根基立在磐石上。 」(太7:24 -25


 

 



[1] 「台湾辅导与咨商学会性别平等委员会设置要点」( https://www.guidance.org.tw/rule_005.html )。[2] Gianluca Cruciani et al.., “ Attitudes and knowledge of mental health practitioners towards LGBTQ+ patients: A mixed-method systematic review,” ScienceDirect , Nov 2024 ( https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735824001090 )Amy E. Ellis, Ph.D. & Joan M. Cook, Ph.D., “ Five Things Therapists Can Do When Working with LGBTQ+ Individuals ,” Society for the Advancement of Psychotherapy ( https://societyforpsychotherapy.org/five-things-therapists-can-do-when-working-with-lgbtq-individuals/ ) Kristin A. Hancock , “ APA's Guidelines for Psychotherapy with Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Clients: The Fundamentals for Practice ,” American Psychological Association ( https://www.apaservices.org/practice/ce/guidelines/lgb-fundamentals ). “ Gender and sexual orientation diversity in children and adolescents in schools,” American Psychological Association ( https://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/diversity-schools ) “ LGBTQ+ Resources for Therapists ,” The Center for Excellencein EMDR Therapy ( https://emdrtherapy.com/emdr-training-resources/emdr-training-articles/lgbtq-resources-therapists ). [3] Gianluca Cruciani et al.., “ Attitudes and knowledge of mental health practitioners towards LGBTQ+ patients: A mixed-method systematic review,” ScienceDirect , Nov 2024 [4] Fau Rosati et al.,“ Non -Binary Clients' Experiences of Psychotherapy: Uncomfortable and Affirmative Approaches ,” National Library of Medic eine ( https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9690436/ ). “ Understanding LGBTQ-Affirmative Psychotherapy ,” PsychCentral ( https://psychcentral.com/blog/sex/2014/04/understanding-lgbtq-affirmative-psychotherapy#1 ). Julian Burger , John E. Pachankis , " State of the Science: LGBTQ-Affirmative Psychotherapy, " ScienceDirect ( https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005789424000352 ).“Psychotherapy for Minor-Attracted Persons,” ( https://www.b4uact.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Psychotherapy-for-MAPs-2020.pdf ). Sonja Bröning & Agostino Mazziotta , " Therapy and counselling experiences of queer adults in Germany ," Wiley Online Librar y ( https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/capr.12814 ) [5] Columbia Psychiatry, “ LGBTQ-Affirmative Mental Health Care: From Theory to Trials to Implementation and Dissemination ,” Youtube ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YL9NyeDUPH4&t=240s ). Linda Ga rnet , et al., “ Issues in Psychotherapy With Lesbianns and Gay Men: A Survey with Psychologists ,” ( http://www.stat.ucla.edu/~cochran/PDF/PsychotherapyLG.pdf ). UMass Chan Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, “ A History of Psychoanalytic Views of Homosexuality & What it Tells About Treating LGBTQ+ Patients,” Youtube ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPgKQRToYNI&t=1094s ). Tom Kent , et al., “ Psychological therapy outcomes by sexual orientation and gender: a retrospective cohort study ,“ National Library of Medicine ( https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12315664/ ). McGinley, M. and Horne, Sharon, “ An Ethics of Inclusion: Recommendations for LGBTQI Research, Practice, and Training ,” Psychology in Russia ( https://psychologyinrussia.com/volumes/?article=8422 ). [6] Psychology Exposed, “ The Psychology of Marital Affairs: What Drives Infidelity? ” Youtube ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mrHgw7FrOVk ). FG Humphrey , “ Extramarital affairs: clinical approaches in marital therapy ,” National Library of Medicine ( https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7177937/ ).  Doug McPherson, “ Research from CU Boulder graduate student strives to gain better understanding of infidelity https://www.colorado.edu/asmagazine/2018/04/04/extramarital-sex-partners-likely-be-close-friends-and-men-are-more-apt-cheat ). Joan Wallman Kuruc , “Psychotherapists' Sexual Relationships with Their Patients,” Annals of Health Law , Vol.2 , Iss 1, 1993 ( https://lawecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1356&context=annals ) [7] DH Sprenkle and DL Weis , “Extramarital sexuality: implications for marital therapists,” National Library of Medicine ( https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/731714/ ). Tara Baluck , “Assessing therapists' attitudes toward consensually non-monogamous clients,” Eastern Michigan University Master Thesis 2020 ( https://commons.emich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2388&context=theses ). [8] “ Hypersexuality and Trauma: Exploring the Interplay Between Past Experiences and Present Behaviors ,” Therapy Trainings , Sept 2025 ( https://www.therapytrainings.com/pages/blog/hypersexuality-and-trauma-exploring-the-interplay-between-past-experiences-and-present-behaviors ). “ Sex Therapy: Principles, Techniques, and Ethical Considerations ,” Therapy Trainings , Nov 2024 ( https://www.therapytrainings.com/pages/blog/sex-therapy-principles-techniques-and-ethical-considerations ). Robert Athanasiou & Richard Sarkin , “Premarital sexual behavior and postmarital adjustment,” Springer Nature Link ( https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01541486 ). Chelsea Newton, " Types of Sex Therapy and How They Can Help Your Sex Life ," Phases of the Mind Therapy ( https://www.phasesofthemindtherapy.com/blog/types-of-sex-therapy ). Lauren M Walker , " Back to the Basics: Origins of Sex Therapy, Sexual Disorder and Therapeutic Techniques ," Research Gate , January 2012 ( https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310812007_Back_to_the_Basics_Origins_of_Sex_Therapy_Sexual_Disorder_and_Therapeutic_Techniques ). [9]Allison Claire Rayburn, “The relationship between premarital sexual behaviors and the state of the marriage, ” Louisiana State University LSU Scholarly Repository , 2007 ( https://repository.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3206&context=gradschool_theses ) [10]Ibid. [11]Alicia Moore, “An Examination of Counselors' and Therapists' Attitudes Toward Marriage, ” Walden University Scholar Works , 2021 ( https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=11430&context=dissertations ). “Marital Problems,” Westchester Center for Behavioral Therapy ( https://www.wcbtonline.com/marital_problems ). [12] Psychology Exposed, “ The Psychology of Marital Affairs: What Drives Infidelity? ”, Youtube . FG Humphrey , " Extramarital affairs: clinical approaches in marital therapy ," [13]Psychology Exposed, “ The Psychology of Marital Affairs: What Drives Infidelity ?, ” youtube . Wes White Counseling, “Why Do People Cheat? | The Psychology of Cheating Explained by a Couples Therapist,” youtube ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRUX2K17AgQ ). Lawrence Josephs, “ Does Sexual Betrayal Cause PTSD? ” Psychology Today , July 2018 ( https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/between-the-sheets/201807/does-sexual-betrayal-cause-ptsd ). [14] DH Sprenkle and DL Weis , “Extramarital sexuality: implications for marital therapists ”. FG Humphrey , “ Extramarital affairs: clinical approaches in marital therapy ,” Wes White Counseling , “ Why Do People Cheat? | The Psychology of Cheating Explained by a Couples Therapist ,” Youtube . [15]Tara Baluck , “Assessing therapists' attitudes toward consensually non-monogamous clients,” Eastern Michigan University Master Thesis , 2020 ( https://commons.emich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2388&context=theses ). Adam Herbert, “Psychotherapists' Attitudes Toward Polyamory and Responses to Polyamorous Clients: An Exploratory Study,” RUTGERS, THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY Dissertation , ( https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/64794/PDF/1/play/ ). Psychology Exposed, “ The Psychology of Marital Affairs: What Drives Infidelity? ,” youtube . [16] Don Grubin , “ Commentary: Getting at the Truth about Pathological Lying ,” The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law ( https://jaapl.org/content/33/3/350 ). “ Confidentiality vs. Duty: Does a Therapist Have to Report a Crime? ,” Blueprint , Apr 16,2025 ( https://www.blueprint.ai/blog/confidentiality-vs-duty-understanding-therapists-legal-reporting-obligations ). Hope Therapy & Counselling Services , “ The complexity of compulsive lying disorder ,” Counseling Directory ( https://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/articles/the-complexity-of-compulsive-lying-disorder ). [17]Christian L. Hart, “Can Pathological Liars Be Cured?” Psychology Today , April 8, 2023 ( https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-nature-of-deception/202304/can-pathological-liars-be-cured ). Kathleen Doheny and Markham Heid , “Compulsive Versus Pathological Lying: What's the Difference and Why Do People Do It?” Everyday Health , Dec 2023 ( https://www.everydayhealth.com/emotional-health/truth-behind-pathological-compulsive-liars/ ). Kristina Robb-Dover , “Pathological Lying Can Occur with These Mental Disorders,” FHE Health , June 25, 26 ( https://fherehab.com/learning/pathological-lying-disorders ). Palo Alto University, “ Pseudologia Fantastica : Layers of Deceit ,” ( https://paloaltou.edu/resources/business-of-practice-blog/pseudologia-fantastica-layers-of-deceit ). “ A Practical Guide on How to Start Telling the Truth and Stop Lying ,” Therapy Central, Dec 23 ( https://therapy-central.com/2023/12/02/a-practical-guide-on-how-to-start-telling-the-trut h-and-stop-lying/ ). [18] Caitlin Harper , “ Is It Okay to Lie to My Therapist? ,” ( https://mywellbeing.com/therapy-101/is-it-okay-to-lie-to-my-therapist ). [19] Regain Editorial Team , “ Married To A Compulsive Liar: Treatment For Families And Couples ,” Regain affection , April 7th, 2026 ( https://www.regain.us/advice/infidelity/am-i-married-to-a-compulsive-liar-treatment-for-families-and-couples/ ). “ Can a Compulsive Liar Change? ,” Bayside Psychotherapy ( https://www.baysidepsychotherapy.com.au/compulsive-lying-therapy/?srsltid=AfmBOopC3u_i8UF62m3uHUHX5SCYIRm_PxpkkyU5vFJqNFoT-5jn0KbM ). Roberta Satow , “Adults Who Lie,” Psychology Today , May 24, 2020 ( https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/life-after-50/202005/adults-who-lie ). “ When lying feels like the only option you have ,” Hope Therapy & Counseling ( https://www.hopefulminds.co.uk/conditions/mythomania/ ). Deborah Quinn, “Pathological Liar: 11+ Signs & Solutions of Habitual Lying,” Sandstone Care ( https://www.sandstonecare.com/blog/pathological-liar/ ). [20] Kirill Kryuchkov , " Psychotherapy as an applied ethics: case of Client-Centered Psychotherapy ," ReserachGate ( https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330658105_Psychotherapy_as_an_applied_ethics_case_of_Client-Centered_Psychotherapy ). Jeffrey E. Barnett, “ Being an Ethical Psychotherapist ,” Society for the Advancement of Psychotherapy, April 30,20178 ( https://societyforpsychotherapy.org/being-ethical-psychotherapist-5-steps/ ). Robert T. Fancher , " Talk Therapy's Moral Morass ," Quillette , Aug 23 ( https://quillette.com/2023/08/17/talk-therapys-moral-morass/ ). Richard GT Gipps , “Psychotherapy as Ethics,” MDPI, April 2023 ( https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9287/8/2/42 ). Peter Levine, “M orality in Psychotherapy , ” ( https://peterlevine.ws/?p=12541 ). [21] Robert T. Fancher , " Talk Therapy's Moral Morass ," [22]Ibid. [23] Richard GT Gipps , “ Psychotherapy as Ethics .” Peter Levine , “Morality in Psychotherapy,” Constantin Patrascu , “ What Your Therapist Knows But Won't Tell You About Morality: Your Conscience Is Making You Sick ,” Medium, July 2006 ( https://medium.com/@constantinpatrascu/what-your-therapist-knows-but-wont-tell-you-about-morality-your-conscience-is-making-you-sick-190bce64ca46 ). [24] Dr. Kyler Shumway , “ Good Therapist vs. Great Therapist – What Makes a Therapist Great? ” Deep Eddy Therapy ( https://deepeddypsychotherapy.com/a-good-therapist-vs-a-great-therapist/ ). “ Neutrality is not complicity – it's clinical integrity ,”The British Psychological Society, 10 Oct 2025 ( https://www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/neutrality-not-complicity-its-clinical-integrity ).  Thaddeus Bay , " Politics in the Therapy Office ," Bay Mental Health LLC, Oct 3, 2024 ( https://baymentalhealth.com/politics-in-the-therapy-office ).

 

 

 

 

 

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